Resilient File System (ReFS) - Next Generation File System For Windows Server 8

We have one question to all the Microsoft users & that is did you feel bored while using NTFS file system for a long time? If the answer is yes, then we would love to share that in upcoming Windows Server 8 Microsoft is going to introduce a new file system named Resilient File System, or ReFS., as a "next generation file system" built on the foundations of the NTFS. By reusing NTFS' API / semantics engine, ReFS hopes to retain a high level of compatibility with NTFS features. Underneath the existing semantics engine, the new file system introduces a new storage engine that hopes to protect against latent disk errors, resist data corruption, uphold metadata integrity, grant large volume, file and directory size -- and well, just build a better storage system in general.

News From : http://www.voiceofgreyhat.com/2012/01/resilient-file-system-refs-next.html

Credit : voiceofgreyhat , image

Readmore...

Copyright Guide For Photographers

  This document is Copyright ASMP (American Society of Media

Photographers, Inc.)  1991.  It is distributed electronically by the

online members of ASMP, as a service and a guide to creators, buyers and

users of intellectual property.

  Reproduction and distribution of this document for non-commercial use is

encouraged.  Reproduction must remain intact, as a complete whole, and

including this notice.

  The original distribution (July, 1992) was via CompuServe Information

Service (CIS). To access ASMP members within CompuServe, GO PHOTOFORUM.

  Further information may be obtained from:

  Julia Velikson, ASMP Sysop

  Internet:  76020.3231@compuserve.com

  CIS:       76020,3231

               COPYRIGHT GUIDE FOR PHOTOGRAPHERS

               by Richard Weisgrau & Michael Remer, Esq.

  Copyrights can be valuable intangible assets.  The Copyright Act of 1976

made clear that photographers are the copyright owners of their images,

except when those images were made as an employee, or when the

photographer has conveyed the copyright to another party in a written

and signed agreement.

  In an effort to enhance understanding of copyright, ASMP has developed

this mini-guide on the subject.  This pamphlet is not a legal guide to

the subject.  Instead it is intended to give you a fundamental

understanding of the subject of copyright and how it applies in your

profession.

  COPYRIGHT BASICS

  Copyright is a right, granted to you by law, to control the copying,

reproduction, distribution, derivative use, and public display of your

photographs, and to sue for unauthorized use (infringement) of your work.

  This right begins at the moment you fix your photographic expression in

a tangible form, that is, when you create the latent image on film.

Copyright ownership, bestowed automatically when you make an image, does

not depend upon registration with the copyright office or placement of a

copyright notice on the image.

  Although most images are copyrightable, some are not.  To be

copyrightable, images must be original.  Originality is essential to

copyright.  If you exactly copy a photograph, the copy can not be

copyrighted, since it has no originality.  (In fact if the first

photograph is copyrighted, you would need the original photographer's

permission to copy it.)

  Making a substantially similar copy of someone else's copyrighted image

without authorization constitutes copyright infringement.  It is usually

necessary to show that the alleged infringer had access to the original

work-but the images may be so closely identical that no explanation

other than copying is possible.

  Ideas, themes and concepts are not copyrightable, Only the original

expression of those ideas, themes and concepts in some tangible form,

like a photograph, can be copyrighted.  You might have an idea for a

great photograph, but you get no copyright until you make the actual

photograph.  An art director might have a great concept, but that

concept cannot be copyrighted.

  Having an idea or concept does not entitle one to a share of the

copyright of the photograph.  The copyright belongs to the one who makes

the tangible expression of the concept or idea.

  COPYRIGHT REGISTRATION

  Copyrights can be registered with the Copyright Office in Washington,

D.C. Although registration is not required to own the copyright, there

is one instance in which you must have a registration and another when

there is a definite advantage to registration.

  When legal action is necessary to remedy a copyright infringement, the

image must be registered before the legal action can be started.  This

registration can be made after the infringement occurs.  However, unless

you register before the infringement (or within three months after the

first publication even if after infringement, you will not be able to

sue for statutory damages, which are up to $100,000 per infringement

plus your legal fees.  When statutory damages are unavailable to the

copyright owner a claim can still be made for actual damages, that is,

the amount of money lost as a result of the infringement plus the amount

of profits realized by the infringer.  But actual damages can be

difficult and expensive to prove, and legal fees can be an additional

burden.

  A photographer should always seek legal advice from a qualified attorney

before threatening a copyright infringement action.

  COPYRIGHT NOTICE

  ASMP recommends that all photographs carry a copyright notice, even

though it is no longer required by law.  The lack of notice could

provide an infringer with a defense of "innocent infringement". This

defense could seriously limit the recovery of damages in an infringement

claim.

  Copyright notice is a way of saying: This is my work - if you want to

use it, come to me.  This stance reinforces the asset value to your work

and alerts everyone that you are prepared to protect that value.

  Copyright notice consists of the letter c in a circle (C) followed by

the date of first publication and the photographer's name.  For example,

(C)1991 (Creator's Name). The word "Copyright" or "Copr."  can be

substituted for the (C). Either form is recognized, but use of the (C)

symbol can give additional international protection.  The words "All

Rights Reserved" can also give further international protection.

  A word of caution is called for on the subject of notice.  Some persons

when typing or wordprocessing and some computer programs use a c in

parenthesis [(c)] as a substitute for a (C) . To the best of our

knowledge this form of notice has never been rejected by a court, but

there is no guarantee that a court would uphold a (c) as proper notice.

The law calls for a (C) or the word "Copyright" or "Copr."

  LICENSING THE RIGHT TO USE YOUR PHOTOGRAPHS

  As the copyright owner, you have to license someone to use your image

before they can legally do so.  A license is simply a permission to use

the photograph with certain limitations.

  A non-exclusive license does not have to be granted in writing-although

ASMP strongly urges all photographers to grant licenses in written form.

This avoids subsequent disagreements about the terms of the license.  In

the absence of a written license, the photographer and client are in an

awkward position.  If a dispute over usage arises differing

recollections of rights granted can only be resolved by negotiation or

legal action.  Needless to say legal action, a last resort, is certainly

costly and to be avoided if possible.  Negotiation, while suitable to

resolve disagreements, is best done before use begins, not after the

fact.  Negotiate the license, then confirm the usage rights in a written

copyright license.

  Under the copyright law, an "exclusive" grant of rights means a transfer

of all or part of copyright.  Avoid these words, unless you intend to

transfer copyright ownership to the client.

  If a client insists or you wish to offer exclusive rights consider

limiting the rights as you would limit any other grant of rights.  That

is, you should properly grant the exclusive rights for a certain time

period, a certain geographic area, and a certain media, such as

advertising, books, etc.  By applying limitations to the exclusive

license you are narrowing the transfer of copyright.  By setting a time

period you are assuring the expiration of the transfer.

  More information on copyright licensing, and samples of copyright

licenses can be found in the ASMP FORMS booklet, and in the ASMP

Assignment Photography monograph.

  The rights which you license should be based upon the outcome of the

negotiations which you have conducted with your client.  Generally, you

will grant rights to meet the particular uses for which the client wants

the work.  The fee will usually increase as the bundle of rights granted

increases.

  TRANSFER OF COPYRIGHT

  You can transfer copyright ownership to another party.  Copyright, like

any asset, can be bought and sold.  The only requirement in the law is

that a transfer of copyright ownership be in writing and signed by the

copyright owner.  Photographers should exercise care in signing client

purchase orders.  ASMP has seen many examples of purchase orders which

have a copyright transfer included in the terms and conditions.  Signing

such a purchase order would result in the loss of your copyright.

  There is no law that says you have to transfer copyright to a client.

Remember, even though the client might be the originator of the concept

or idea this does not entitle them to the copyright of the photograph

which you, the photographer, originate.

  WORK FOR HIRE

  Work for hire is another way the client can become the copyright owner.

The difference between work for hire and a copyright transfer is rather

simple.  In the case of a copyright transfer you own the copyright until

you transfer it.  In a work for hire situation you never own the

copyright.  It is owned by the client from the moment the work is

created, and the client is by law the author of the photograph.  The

photographer is denied authorship and is treated as a tool of the

client.

  Work for hire exist automatically in the case of an employee taking

photographs for the employer.  As provided in the copyright law, no

agreements are required.

  An independent contractor ("freelancer") can do a work for hire only in

certain circumstances.  First, the work must be commissioned-that is

specifically ordered by someone, and if it is commissioned, it can be a

work for hire only if the photograph comes within one of the nine

specific categories enumerated in the copyright act as qualifying for a

work for hire:

  Contribution to a collective work Contribution to a motion picture or

audio-visual work Translation Supplementary work Compilation

Instructional text Test Answer material for a test Atlas

  The category most frequently involving photographers is a contribution

to a collective work such as a magazine or other periodical.

  WORK FOR HIRE AND COPYRIGHT TRANSFER DIFFERENCES

  Although many see work for hire and copyright transfer as the same

thing, they are not.

  Under the law, if you transfer the copyright you can get it back after

thirty five years.  This "recapture" provision of the law was designed

to allow photographers the eventual control over their body of work.

Also, when negotiating a copyright transfer you have the ownership and

can bargain for the price of the copyright.

  In a work for hire situation you never have the copyright.  You have no

recapture right at any time.  You are simply selling your services for a

fee.  That fee should reflect the present and the future value of the

copyright.  If you signed a work for hire and later want the copyright

to the work, the only way you can get it is to negotiate with the

copyright owner to transfer it to you.

  Finally, a work for hire will apply to all photographs taken on the

assignment, not just to those used by the client.  A transfer of

copyright can be customized and apply to all the photographs or some

portion thereof, such as only those used by the client.

  FAIR USE

  The copyright law allows someone to copy your work without penalty in

certain cases.  This is called "fair use". In order to qualify for "fair

use" the photograph would usually have to be copied for educational,

classroom, news reporting or other educational or public interest

purposes.  Fair use is always subject to interpretation.  There is no

simple rule to apply to determine when an unauthorized use is "fair

use".

  Each case has specific facts that must be examined before such a

determination can be made.  This is one reason why it is important to

consult with a knowledgeable copyright attorney before jumping to

conclusions about infringement.

  COPYRIGHT AND COLLECTIONS

  In recent years the trend has been to invoice the client with terms

stating that the grant of rights to use the photograph is not in force

until the invoice is paid in full.  It should be understood that under

this provision nonpayment may be both a breach of the client's

contractual obligation and infringement of the copyright.  This can

create a legal question about the best way to enforce your rights - a

question best answered by competent legal counsel.

  BUYOUTS AND ALL RIGHTS

  "Buyout" and "all rights" are confusing terms and are thought by some to

mean a transfer of copyright However, these terms have inconsistent

trade definitions, depending upon personal understanding, and

consequently are not reliable in licensing terminology.

  We urge you not to use such terms In licensing clients the rights to

your photographs.  It is better to clearly state whether or not the

copyright is being transferred.

  An all rights agreement without a transfer of copyright is a permission

to a client to use your image as desired, while the copyright remains

with you.  This gives the client the widest range of rights for the time

allowed in the license without a transfer of copyright ownership.

  DEFINITIONS FROM THE COPYRIGHT ACT OF 1976

  "Audio visual works" are works that consist of a series of related

images which are intrinsically intended to be shown by the use of

machines or devices such as projectors, viewers, or electronic

equipment, together with accompanying sounds, if any, regardless of the

nature of the material objects, such as films or tapes, in which the

works are embodied.

  A "collective work" is a work, such as a periodical issue, anthology, or

encyclopedia, in which a number of contributions, constituting separate

and independent works in themselves, are assembled into a collective

whole.  A contribution to a collective work can itself be copyrightable.

  A "compilation" is a work formed by the collection and assembling of

preexisting materials or of data that are selected, coordinated, or

arranged in such a way that the resulting work as a whole constitutes an

original work of authorship.  The term "compilation " includes

collective works.

  A "derivative work" is a work based upon one or more preexisting works,

such as a translation, musical arrangement, dramatization,

fictionalization, motion picture version, sound recording, art

reproduction, abridgment, condensation, or any other form in which the

underlying work may be recast, transformed or adapted.  A work

consisting of editorial revisions, annotations, elaborations, or other

modifications which, as a whole, represent an original work of

authorship, is a "derivative work."

  A "joint work" is a work prepared by two or more authors with the

intention that their contributions be merged into inseparable or

interdependent parts of a unitary whole.  Each joint copyright owner can

grant non-exclusive licenses to third parties subject to a duty to

account to the other joint owners for their share and profits.

  "Motion pictures" are audiovisual works consisting of a series of

related images which, when shown in succession, impart an impression of

motion, together with ac-companying sounds, if any.

  A "transfer of copyright ownership" is an assignment, mortgage,

exclusive license, or any other conveyance, alienation or hypothecation

of a copyright or of any of the exclusive rights comprised in a

copyright, whether or not it is limited in time or place of effect, but

not including a non-exclusive license.

  FOR INFORMATION ON REGISTERING YOUR COPYRIGHT

  Registration is handled through the Register of Copyrights, Library of

Congress, Washington, DC 20559.  Telephone: (202)479-0700.  A 24-hour

"hotline" for obtaining registration forms is (202)707-9100.

  Photographers are normally registered in class VA (Visual Arts), except

for bulk registration and some contributions to periodicals.  The

procedure for filing is quite simple.  The form is self-explanatory; it

is filled out and sent to Washington with two copies of the photograph

(except for an unpublished registration, when only one is required)

along with a $20 filing fee.  For registration purposes, every

photograph should have a title, which can be a simple descriptive

caption.

  Form VA is the basic form for registering all works in the visual arts.

In addition to photographs as such, it should also be used for

registering the following items when they are primarily or exclusively

photographic in nature: books, advertising materials, and most single

contributions to periodicals.  When these items consist primarily of

text, they should be registered in class TX.

  If first publication occurs in a separately copyrighted work, such as a

magazine, you can still register the copyright in class VA as a

contribution to a collective work, thus securing the advantages of

statutory damages and legal fees in an infringement case as mentioned

above.  This procedure is safer than relying upon the registration of

the collective work itself.

  PROPER FORMAT FOR DISPLAY OF COPYRIGHT NOTICE

  There are three ways to display a copyright notice:

  (C) 1991, (Creator's Name)

  Copyright 1991, (Creator's Name)

  Copr. 1991, (Creator's Name)

  Although all three are acceptable it is generally thought that (C) 1991,

(Creator's Name) is the most widely recognized in the international

community.

  NOTICE

  The Copyright Act is an everchanging document.  Every effort has been

made to make this paper as up to date as possible.  This document is not

intended to be legal reference material.

Readmore...

Hex , How to turn binary or decimal to hex in Dwibahasa

In Bahasa Melayu

Apakah yang dimaksudkan Hex ?
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexadecimal
http://linux.about.com/cs/linux101/g/hexlparhexadeci.htm

 Pada permulaan pergi ke http://www.shareordie.com/forum/index.php?showtopic=3269 untuk belajar perduaan (binary) .

OK, 1453752 101100010111010111000 perduaan (binary) , kini kita beralih ke beberapa hex.

Nombor hex pertama seperti begini:
1 = 1
2 = 2
.
.
9 = 9
10 = A
11 = B
12 = C
13 = D
14 = E
15 = F

Sekarang anda perlu mengambil octet pertama (yang paling kanan 4) dan diletakkan di bawah grid kecil ini:

8 4 2 1
--------
1 0 0 0 = 8

Lihat 1 di bawah kolum 8?
Itulah apa yang anda menambah.

Jadi octet seterusnya adalah 1011, meletakkan ia di bawah grid:

8 4 2 1
--------
1 0 0 0 = 8
1 0 1 1 = B

Lihat 8 2 1 = 11, jadi anda bukan sahaja mengatakan 11 anda perlu memasukkannya ke dalam beberapa Hex, yang B.
Jadi nombor hex penuh 1453752 ialah:

8 4 2 1
--------
1 0 0 0 = 8
1 0 1 1 = B
1 1 1 0 = e
0 0 1 0 = 2
0 1 1 0 = 6
0 0 0 1 = 1 <- Hanya menambah sifar jika ia tidak oktet penuh

162EB8

Jadi jika anda mahu menghidupkan beberapa dalam versi pendek Hex, hanya berpaling ke perduaan, kemudian gunakan grid ini .


In English 

What is mean by Hex?

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexadecimal
http://linux.about.com/cs/linux101/g/hexlparhexadeci.htm



First go to http://www.shareordie.com/forum/index.php?showtopic=3269 to learn binary.

OK, 1,453,752 is 101100010111010111000 is binary, now we turn it into a Hex number.

First Hex numbers goes like this:
1=1
2=2
.
.
9=9
10=A
11=B
12=C
13=D
14=E
15=F

Now you need to take the first octet (the far right 4) and place it under this little grid:

8 4 2 1
--------
1 0 0 0 = 8

See the 1 under the 8 column?
That is what you add.

So the next octet is 1011, put it under the grid:

8 4 2 1
--------
1 0 0 0 = 8
1 0 1 1 = B

See 8+2+1=11, so you can't just say 11 you have to put it in a Hex number, which is B.
So the full Hex number of 1,453,752 is:

8 4 2 1
--------
1 0 0 0 = 8
1 0 1 1 = B
1 1 1 0 = E
0 0 1 0 = 2
0 1 1 0 = 6
0 0 0 1 = 1 <-- Just add zero if it isn't a full octet

162EB8

So if you want to turn a number in to the shorter version of Hex, just turn it into binary, then use this grid and you'll do fine

Readmore...

Jalan Pintas Untuk Keyboard Anda Dalam DwiBahasa !

Bahasa Melayu

Membiasakan diri menggunakan keyboard anda secara khusus dan meninggalkan mouse di belakang akan membuat anda jauh lebih efisien dalam melaksanakan tugas pada setiap sistem Windows. Saya menggunakan cara pintas keyboard berikut ini setiap hari:

Kekunci Windows + R = Main menu

Hal ini biasanya diikuti oleh:
cmd = Command Prompt
iexplore + "web address" = Internet Explorer
compmgmt.msc = Computer Management
dhcpmgmt.msc = DHCP Management
dnsmgmt.msc = DNS Management
services.msc = Services
eventvwr = Event Viewer
dsa.msc = Active Directory User dan Komputer
dssite.msc = Active Directory Situs dan Perkhidmatan
Kekunci Windows + E = Explorer

ALT + Tab = Beralih antara tetingkap

ALT, Space, X = Maximize window

CTRL + Shift + Esc = Task Manager

Kekunci Windows + Break = System properties

Kekunci Windows + F = Search

Kekunci Windows + D = Maklum / Papar semua tetingkap

CTRL + C = copy

CTRL + X = potong

CTRL + V = paste

Juga jangan lupa tentang "klik-kanan" butang di sebelah kanan butang Windows pada keyboard anda. Menggunakan panah dan kunci yang boleh mendapatkan apa saja dilakukan selepas anda sudah membuka program apapun.


Keyboard Shortcuts

[Alt] dan [Esc] Beralih di antara aplikasi yang berjalan

[Alt] dan surat Pilih item menu dengan huruf digariskan

[Ctrl] dan [Esc] Open Program Menu

[Ctrl] dan windows [F4] Tutup dokumen aktif atau kumpulan (tidak berfungsi dengan beberapa aplikasi)

[Alt] dan [F4] Keluar aplikasi yang aktif atau menutup tetingkap aktif

[Alt] dan [-] Open Control menu untuk dokumen-dokumen yang aktif

Ctrl] Lft, Rt .. arrow Pindah kursor maju atau mundur satu kata

Ctrl] Up, Down arrow Pindah kursor maju atau mundur satu perenggan

[F1] Buka Bantuan untuk aplikasi yang aktif

Windows + M Minimize semua tetingkap yang terbuka

Shift + Windows + M Undo minimize semua tetingkap yang terbuka

Windows + F1 Open Windows Help

Windows + Tab Cycle melalui butang Taskbar

Windows + Break Membuka kotak dialog System Properties



acessability pintas

SHIFT kanan selama lapan saat ........ Menghidupkan dan mematikan FilterKeys.

ALT kiri + SHIFT kiri + PRINT SCREEN ....... Aktifkan Kontras Tinggi dan mematikan.

ALT kiri + SHIFT kiri + NUM LOCK ....... Menghidupkan dan mematikan MouseKeys.

SHIFT ....... lima kali Menghidupkan dan mematikan StickyKeys.

NUM LOCK ...... selama lima saat ToggleKeys Menghidupkan dan mematikan.

explorer pintas

END ....... Display bahagian bawah tetingkap aktif.

HOME ....... Display bahagian atas tetingkap aktif.

NUM LOCK + Asterisk ....... pada keypad numerik (*) Papar semua subfolder di bawah folder yang dipilih.

NUM LOCK + PLUS SIGN ....... pada keypad numerik (+) Memaparkan isi dari folder yang dipilih.

NUM LOCK + MINUS SIGN ....... pada keypad numerik (-) Tutup folder yang dipilih.

LEFT ARROW ...... Tutup pilihan saat ini apakah itu diperluas, atau pilih folder induk.

RIGHT ARROW ....... Display pilihan saat ini apakah itu runtuh, atau pilih subfolder pertama.




Taip arahan berikut di Main Box (Windows Key + R) atau Mulai Jalankan

devmgmt.msc = Device Manager
msinfo32 = Sistem Maklumat
cleanmgr = Disk Cleanup
ntbackup = Backup or Restore Wizard (Windows Backup Utility)
mmc = Microsoft Management Console
excel = Microsoft Excel (Jika Disiarkan)
Msaccess = Microsoft Access (Jika Disiarkan)
powerpnt = Microsoft PowerPoint (Jika Disiarkan)
winword = Microsoft Word (Jika Disiarkan)
frontpg = Microsoft FrontPage (Jika Disiarkan)
notepad = Notepad
WordPad = WordPad
calc = Kalkulator
Msmsgs = Windows Messenger
MSPaint = Microsoft Paint
wmplayer = Windows Media Player
rstrui = System Restore
netscp6 = Netscape 6.x
netscp = Netscape 7.x
netscape = Netscape 4.x
waol = America Online
kawalan = Membuka Control Panel
printer kawalan = Membuka Printers Dialog


internetbrowser

taip alamat u're "google", lalu tekan [Right CTRL] dan [Enter]
menambah www. dan com untuk kata dan. pergi ke sana


Untuk Windows XP:

Salin. CTRL + C
Potong. CTRL + X
Paste. CTRL + V
Undo. CTRL + Z
Padam. DELETE
Padam item yang dipilih secara kekal tanpa meletakkan item dalam Recycle Bin. SHIFT + DELETE
Salin item yang dipilih. CTRL sambil mengheret item
Buat shortcut untuk item yang dipilih. CTRL + SHIFT sambil mengheret item
Tukar nama item yang dipilih. F2
Pindah titik penyisipan ke awal perkataan seterusnya. CTRL + RIGHT ARROW
Pindah titik penyisipan ke awal kata sebelumnya. CTRL + LEFT ARROW
Pindah titik penyisipan ke bahagian awal perenggan seterusnya. CTRL + DOWN ARROW
Pindah titik penyisipan ke permulaan perenggan sebelumnya. CTRL + UP ARROW
Serlahkan sebuah blok teks. CTRL + SHIFT dengan salah satu butang anak panah
Memilih lebih dari satu item dalam sebuah tetingkap atau pada desktop, atau teks pilih dalam dokumen. SHIFT dengan salah satu butang anak panah
Pilih semua. CTRL + A
Cari fail atau folder. F3
Melihat Memaparkan untuk item yang dipilih. ALT + ENTER
Tutup item aktif, atau keluar dari program yang aktif. ALT + F4
Membuka menu shortcut untuk tetingkap aktif. ALT + SPACEBAR
Tutup dokumen aktif dalam program-program yang membolehkan anda untuk memiliki beberapa dokumen dibuka secara bersamaan. CTRL + F4
Beralih di antara item yang terbuka. ALT + TAB
Kitaran melalui item dalam urutan mereka dibuka. ALT + ESC
Kitaran melalui elemen skrin dalam tetingkap atau di desktop. F6
Memaparkan Address Bar senarai di My Computer atau Windows Explorer. F4
Memaparkan menu shortcut untuk item yang dipilih. SHIFT + F10
Memaparkan  menu Sistem untuk tetingkap yang aktif. ALT + SPACEBAR
Memaparkan  menu Start. CTRL + ESC
Memaparkan  menu yang sesuai. ALT + Underlined huruf dalam nama-nama menu
Melaksanakan perintah yang sesuai. Digariskan huruf dalam nama arahan pada menu terbuka
Aktifkan menu bar dalam program aktif. F10
Buka menu di sebelah kanan, atau membuka submenu. RIGHT ARROW
Buka menu sebelah kiri, atau menutup submenu. LEFT ARROW
Refresh tetingkap aktif. F5
Lihat folder satu tingkat di My Computer atau Windows Explorer. BACKSPACE
Membatalkan tugas saat ini. ESC
SHIFT ketika anda memasukkan CD ke dalam Mencegah pemacu CD-ROM CD dari bermain secara automatik.

Gunakan cara pintas keyboard ini untuk kotak dialog:

Untuk Tekan
Bergerak maju melalui tab. CTRL + TAB
Bergerak mundur melalui tab. CTRL + SHIFT + TAB
Bergerak maju melalui pilihan. TAB
Bergerak mundur melalui pilihan. SHIFT + TAB
Melaksanakan perintah yang sesuai atau pilih pilihan yang sesuai. ALT + huruf Underlined
Melaksanakan arahan untuk pilihan aktif atau kekunci. ENTER
Pilih atau memadam tempat menyemak sama ada pilihan yang aktif adalah tempat cek. Spacebar
Pilih butang jika pilihan aktif adalah sekumpulan butang pilihan. Kekunci anak panah
Memaparkan Bantuan. F1
Memaparkan item dalam senarai aktif. F4
Membuka folder satu tingkat di Facebook jika folder dipilih dalam Simpan Sebagai atau Buka kotak dialog. BACKSPACE

English Version


Getting used to using your keyboard exclusively and leaving your mouse behind will make you much more efficient at performing any task on any Windows system. I use the following keyboard shortcuts every day:

Windows key + R = Run menu

This is usually followed by:
cmd = Command Prompt
iexplore + "web address" = Internet Explorer
compmgmt.msc = Computer Management
dhcpmgmt.msc = DHCP Management
dnsmgmt.msc = DNS Management
services.msc = Services
eventvwr = Event Viewer
dsa.msc = Active Directory Users and Computers
dssite.msc = Active Directory Sites and Services
Windows key + E = Explorer

ALT + Tab = Switch between windows

ALT, Space, X = Maximize window

CTRL + Shift + Esc = Task Manager

Windows key + Break = System properties

Windows key + F = Search

Windows key + D = Hide/Display all windows

CTRL + C = copy

CTRL + X = cut

CTRL + V = paste

Also don't forget about the "Right-click" key next to the right Windows key on your keyboard. Using the arrows and that key can get just about anything done once you've opened up any program.


Keyboard Shortcuts

[Alt] and [Esc] Switch between running applications

[Alt] and letter Select menu item by underlined letter

[Ctrl] and [Esc] Open Program Menu

[Ctrl] and [F4] Close active document or group windows (does not work with some applications)

[Alt] and [F4] Quit active application or close current window

[Alt] and [-] Open Control menu for active document

Ctrl] Lft., Rt. arrow Move cursor forward or back one word

Ctrl] Up, Down arrow Move cursor forward or back one paragraph

[F1] Open Help for active application

Windows+M Minimize all open windows

Shift+Windows+M Undo minimize all open windows

Windows+F1 Open Windows Help

Windows+Tab Cycle through the Taskbar buttons

Windows+Break Open the System Properties dialog box



acessability shortcuts

Right SHIFT for eight seconds........ Switch FilterKeys on and off.

Left ALT +left SHIFT +PRINT SCREEN....... Switch High Contrast on and off.

Left ALT +left SHIFT +NUM LOCK....... Switch MouseKeys on and off.

SHIFT....... five times Switch StickyKeys on and off.

NUM LOCK...... for five seconds Switch ToggleKeys on and off.

explorer shortcuts

END....... Display the bottom of the active window.

HOME....... Display the top of the active window.

NUM LOCK+ASTERISK....... on numeric keypad (*) Display all subfolders under the selected folder.

NUM LOCK+PLUS SIGN....... on numeric keypad (+) Display the contents of the selected folder.

NUM LOCK+MINUS SIGN....... on numeric keypad (-) Collapse the selected folder.

LEFT ARROW...... Collapse current selection if it's expanded, or select parent folder.

RIGHT ARROW....... Display current selection if it's collapsed, or select first subfolder.




Type the following commands in your Run Box (Windows Key + R) or Start Run

devmgmt.msc = Device Manager
msinfo32 = System Information
cleanmgr = Disk Cleanup
ntbackup = Backup or Restore Wizard (Windows Backup Utility)
mmc = Microsoft Management Console
excel = Microsoft Excel (If Installed)
msaccess = Microsoft Access (If Installed)
powerpnt = Microsoft PowerPoint (If Installed)
winword = Microsoft Word (If Installed)
frontpg = Microsoft FrontPage (If Installed)
notepad = Notepad
wordpad = WordPad
calc = Calculator
msmsgs = Windows Messenger
mspaint = Microsoft Paint
wmplayer = Windows Media Player
rstrui = System Restore
netscp6 = Netscape 6.x
netscp = Netscape 7.x
netscape = Netscape 4.x
waol = America Online
control = Opens the Control Panel
control printers = Opens the Printers Dialog


internetbrowser

type in u're adress "google", then press [Right CTRL] and [Enter]
add www. and .com to word and go to it


For Windows XP:

Copy. CTRL+C
Cut. CTRL+X
Paste. CTRL+V
Undo. CTRL+Z
Delete. DELETE
Delete selected item permanently without placing the item in the Recycle Bin. SHIFT+DELETE
Copy selected item. CTRL while dragging an item
Create shortcut to selected item. CTRL+SHIFT while dragging an item
Rename selected item. F2
Move the insertion point to the beginning of the next word. CTRL+RIGHT ARROW
Move the insertion point to the beginning of the previous word. CTRL+LEFT ARROW
Move the insertion point to the beginning of the next paragraph. CTRL+DOWN ARROW
Move the insertion point to the beginning of the previous paragraph. CTRL+UP ARROW
Highlight a block of text. CTRL+SHIFT with any of the arrow keys
Select more than one item in a window or on the desktop, or select text within a document. SHIFT with any of the arrow keys
Select all. CTRL+A
Search for a file or folder. F3
View properties for the selected item. ALT+ENTER
Close the active item, or quit the active program. ALT+F4
Opens the shortcut menu for the active window. ALT+SPACEBAR
Close the active document in programs that allow you to have multiple documents open simultaneously. CTRL+F4
Switch between open items. ALT+TAB
Cycle through items in the order they were opened. ALT+ESC
Cycle through screen elements in a window or on the desktop. F6
Display the Address bar list in My Computer or Windows Explorer. F4
Display the shortcut menu for the selected item. SHIFT+F10
Display the System menu for the active window. ALT+SPACEBAR
Display the Start menu. CTRL+ESC
Display the corresponding menu. ALT+Underlined letter in a menu name
Carry out the corresponding command. Underlined letter in a command name on an open menu
Activate the menu bar in the active program. F10
Open the next menu to the right, or open a submenu. RIGHT ARROW
Open the next menu to the left, or close a submenu. LEFT ARROW
Refresh the active window. F5
View the folder one level up in My Computer or Windows Explorer. BACKSPACE
Cancel the current task. ESC
SHIFT when you insert a CD into the CD-ROM drive Prevent the CD from automatically playing.

Use these keyboard shortcuts for dialog boxes:

To Press
Move forward through tabs. CTRL+TAB
Move backward through tabs. CTRL+SHIFT+TAB
Move forward through options. TAB
Move backward through options. SHIFT+TAB
Carry out the corresponding command or select the corresponding option. ALT+Underlined letter
Carry out the command for the active option or button. ENTER
Select or clear the check box if the active option is a check box. SPACEBAR
Select a button if the active option is a group of option buttons. Arrow keys
Display Help. F1
Display the items in the active list. F4
Open a folder one level up if a folder is selected in the Save As or Open dialog box. BACKSPACE

If you have a Microsoft Natural Keyboard, or any other compatible keyboard that includes the Windows logo key and the Application key , you can use these keyboard shortcuts:


Display or hide the Start menu. WIN Key
Display the System Properties dialog box. WIN Key+BREAK
Show the desktop. WIN Key+D
Minimize all windows. WIN Key+M
Restores minimized windows. WIN Key+Shift+M
Open My Computer. WIN Key+E
Search for a file or folder. WIN Key+F
Search for computers. CTRL+WIN Key+F
Display Windows Help. WIN Key+F1
Lock your computer if you are connected to a network domain, or switch users if you are not connected to a network domain. WIN Key+ L
Open the Run dialog box. WIN Key+R
Open Utility Manager. WIN Key+U

accessibility keyboard shortcuts:

Switch FilterKeys on and off. Right SHIFT for eight seconds
Switch High Contrast on and off. Left ALT+left SHIFT+PRINT SCREEN
Switch MouseKeys on and off. Left ALT +left SHIFT +NUM LOCK
Switch StickyKeys on and off. SHIFT five times
Switch ToggleKeys on and off. NUM LOCK for five seconds
Open Utility Manager. WIN Key+U

shortcuts you can use with Windows Explorer:


Display the bottom of the active window. END
Display the top of the active window. HOME
Display all subfolders under the selected folder. NUM LOCK+ASTERISK on numeric keypad (*)
Display the contents of the selected folder. NUM LOCK+PLUS SIGN on numeric keypad (+)
Collapse the selected folder. NUM LOCK+MINUS SIGN on numeric keypad (-)
Collapse current selection if it's expanded, or select parent folder. LEFT ARROW
Display current selection if it's collapsed, or select first subfolder. RIGHT ARROW

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Bit Torrent Tutorial

Bit Torrent Tutorial 

Yang pertama  yang anda perlu ketahui mengenai penggunaan Bit Torrent: 

- Bit Torrent ditujukan bagi pengguna broadband (atau Sambungan lebih baik dari dialup). 

- Sangat dihargai, dan berkongsi  membuat bit torrent terus hidup .

- A bit torrent file (*. torrent) berisi informasi tentang struktur potongan download (lebih lanjut tentang ini ) 

- Kaedah men-download adalah bukan jenis konvensional anda download. Kerana download tidak datang sebagai salah satu 

-Anda boleh men-download dari banyak orang sekaligus, meningkatkan kelajuan download anda. 

-100 "potongan" ke fail, atau 20.000 + potongan, semua bergantung pada apa yang anda men-download. Potongan-potongan biasanya kecil (di bawah 200KB) 

- Kelajuan didasarkan pada orang berkongsi seperti mereka muat turun, dan seeders. Seeders adalah orang yang terus-menerus 

saham untuk menjaga torrents hidup. Biasanya seeders berada pada sambungan cepat (10MB atau lebih tinggi). 

Dalam tutorial ini, saya akan menjelaskan semua cara menggunakan bit torrent klien disebut Azureus. Pelanggan ini digunakan untuk decode fail torrent ke dalam format yang boleh digunakan untuk men-download dari rakan-rakan yang lain. Saya akan lihat Bit Torrent sebagai BT. 

BT client yang anda gunakan, adalah terserah pada anda. Saya telah mencuba semuanya, dan kegemaran peribadi saya adalah Azureus kerana pelbagai alasan. Sebuah masalah besar dengan pelanggan BT di luar sana, adalah bahawa mereka sangat CPU intensif, biasanya menggunakan 100% dari daya cpu anda semasa proses keseluruhan. Ini adalah nombor satu alasan saya menggunakan Azureus. Lain, adalah baru-baru ini dikeluarkan plug-in yang membolehkan anda untuk melihat semua fail saat ini tercatat di suprnova.org (sumber # 1 untuk download torrent). . 

Pasang Azureus, dan kemudian di dalam folder pemasangan, membuat 2 folder lagi. / Plugins / suprnovalister (Contohnya, jika anda memasang Azureus ke C: \ PROGRAM FILES \ Azureus, membuat C: \ PROGRAM FILES \ Azureus \ plugins \ SUPRNOVALISTER) .. Selanjutnya, menempatkan fail suprnovalister.jar yang anda download, di folder itu. 

Memuatkan Azureus,  jika anda mahukan, pergi melalui tatacara dan peribadi. 

tab berlabel "My Torrents" adalah sebahagian daripada Azureus . Yang mengandungi semua senarai transfer anda, upload dan download. Hal ini menunjukkan setiap bit maklumat yang anda mungkin ingin tahu tentang torrents anda men-download. 

Pada menu bar, klik View> Plugins> Suprnova Lister. Hal ini akan membuka tab baru di Azureus. Klik pada "Mirror Update". Ini akan mendapatkan halaman cermin suprnova.org mengandungi semua fail torrent saat ini tersedia. Setelah anda mendapatkan, pilih kategori dari kotak drop-down untuk sebelah kiri dan klik "Update". Semua download yang sedia muncul di grafik utama di atas. Cukup double klik muat turun yang anda inginkan, dan bang yang mulai men-download. Buka "My Torrents" tab lagi untuk melihat dan pastikan anda download bermula. 

Setelah download selesai, bersikap positif, dan tinggalkan torrent yang memindahkan. Sehingga orang boleh mendapatkan potongan file dari anda, seperti anda mendapat potongan dari orang lain. 

Atau, jika anda tidak mahu menggunakan plugin ... Anda boleh menuju ke suprnova.org dan men-download file ke folder apapun. Pergi ke File> Buka> torrent File di dalam Azureus .. 

Ini tentang hanya mukadepan Bit Torrent Tutorial. Jika kamu memikirkan apa-apa aku harus menambah, atau entah apa lagi,cuma bagi tahu saya , dan saya akan tambah ke dalamnya.

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Apakah perbezaan antara 64-bit dan 32-bit?

Windows Xp Pro 64 Bits dan 32 Bits

Apakah perbezaan antara 64-bit dan 32-bit?

Perbezaan terbesar antara 64-bit dan 32-bit prosesor adalah prosesor 64-bit memiliki ruang alamat yang lebih besar. Artinya, mereka mempunyai kemampuan untuk berkomunikasi secara langsung dengan lebih banyak memori. Sebuah prosesor 32-bit secara langsung dapat alamat maksimum 4 gigabyte (GB) memori. Ini sepertinya banyak ketika 32-bit pertama mainstream CPU, Intel 80386, diperkenalkan pada tahun 1986 tetapi kini telah menjadi keterbatasan serius bagi beberapa pengguna dan aplikasi.

Sebuah prosesor 64-bit menjalankan Windows XP x64 menyokong 128 GB dari memori fizikal, dan 16 terabyte (TB) dari memori virtual. Hal ini membolehkan senario dan aplikasi yang akan sulit atau bahkan tidak mungkin di Windows 32-bit. Jadual 1 menunjukkan perbezaan keseluruhan dalam memori antara 32-bit dan 64-bit Windows XP. Jadual ini merangkumi beberapa jenis memori yang hanya benar-benar memiliki sistem operasi yang perlu dikhawatirkan, tapi aku termasuk mereka untuk kelengkapan. Sebahagian besar dari kita dengan gembira dapat mengabaikan mereka dan tumpuan pada dua jenis: jumlah memori fizikal dan ruang alamat maya (virtual memory).

Jadual 1: Memori dan perbandingan Alamat 32-Bit dan Windows 64-Bit XP Pro


General memory limits for 32-bit
  
Physical memory (RAM) :    4 GB
         
Total virtual address space
(based on a single process)  :    4 GB
         
Virtual address space per 32-bit process :   2 GB (3 GB if system is booted with /3GB switch)

Virtual address space per 64-bit process :  Not applicable
  
Paged pool :   47 megabytes (MB)  
     
Non-paged pool :   256 MB  
     
System page table entry (PTE)  :  660 MB to 900 MB

General memory limits for 64-bit
  
Physical memory (RAM)  :  128 GB
         
Total virtual address space
(based on a single process) : 16 TB
         
Virtual address space per 32-bit process   : 4 GB if compiled with /LARGEADDRESSAWARE (2 GB otherwise)

Virtual address space per 64-bit process  : 8 TB
  
Paged pool  :  128 GB  
     
Non-paged pool   : 128 GB  
     
System page table entry (PTE)  :  128 GB  

Credit 

THANK TO MICROSOFT

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Evolusi Sejarah Virus Komputer

bahagian 1

Seperti bidang lain ,bidang sains komputer virus telah berubah banyak memang selama bertahun-tahun. Dalam rangkaian siaran akhbar yang bermula hari ini, kita akan melihat asal usul dan evolusi kod berbahaya sejak pertama kali muncul sampai sekarang. 

Kembali ke asal virus iatu pada tahun 1949 bahawa matematik John Von Neumann mereplikasi diri dijelaskan program yang boleh menyerupai virus komputer seperti yang dikenali pada hari ini. Namun, tidak sampai 60an , kita temukan pemulaan virus saat ini. Pada dekad tersebut, sekumpulan pengaturcara membangunkan sebuah permainan yang disebut Core Wars, yang boleh menyalinkan setiap kali dijalankan, dan bahkan bg memori komputer pemain lain '. Pencipta permainan ini aneh juga mencipta antivirus pertama,  aplikasi yang bernama Reeper, yang boleh menghancurkan salinan yang dibuat oleh Core Wars. 

Namun, hanya pada tahun 1983 , salah satu programer mengumumkan kewujudan Core Wars, yang digambarkan pada tahun berikutnya pada majalah ilmiah bergengsi:. Ini sebenarnya titik permulaan dari apa yang kita sebut virus komputer hari ini. 

Pada saat itu, MS-DOS masih baru. Ia mula menjadi sistem operasi unggul di seluruh dunia. Ini kerana sistem dengan prospek yang bagus. Tetapi masih banyak kekurangan yang timbul dari perkembangan perisian dan kurangnya unsur hardware yang banyak dikenal pada saat ini. Sistem operasi baru menjadi sasaran virus pada tahun 1986: Brain, sebuah kod berbahaya yang dibuat di Pakistan yang dijangkiti sektor boot cakera sehingga isinya tidak boleh dicapai. Tahun itu juga Trojan pertama dikodingkan: sebuah aplikasi bernama PC-Write. 

Tidak lama selepas itu, penulis menyedari bahawa virus boleh menjangkiti fail bahkan lebih berbahaya bagi sistem. Pada tahun 1987, virus yang disebut Suriv-02 muncul, yang menjangkiti fail COM dan membuka pintu bagi virus Jerusalem atau Viernes terkenal pada 13. Namun, yang lebih buruk daripada itu akan datang pada 1988 menetapkan tarikh saat worm "Morris" muncul, memberi kesan kepada 6,000 komputer. 

Dari tarikh tersebut sampai dengan tahun 1995 jenis kod berbahaya yang dikenali saat ini mulai dikembangkan: virus makro yang pertama kali muncul, virus polimorfik ... Beberapa bahkan wabak ini telah diisytiharkan, seperti Michaelangelo. Namun, ada suatu peristiwa yang mengubah seluruh dunia virus senario: besar penggunaan Internet dan e-mel. Sedikit demi sedikit, virus mula menyesuaikan diri dengan situasi baru sampai penampilan, pada tahun 1999, dari Melissa, kod berbahaya pertama yang menyebabkan wabak di seluruh dunia, membuka era baru bagi virus komputer. Bersambung...

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